Get To Know The Value Of Sample Argumentative Essay Topics

Get To Know The Value Of Sample Argumentative Essay TopicsSample argumentative essay topics are the proper tools for students to learn about the human condition. In other words, when students write essays they are not learning about people and politics and government, they are instead learning about the people who are living in that particular area. This does not mean that students should be insensitive to the laws, social issues, and issues of the day, it simply means that students need to have an understanding of the underlying issues that affect the people living in a particular place.The idea behind the argumentative essay topics is to ask students to put their own lives and experiences into context. This can take the form of reading current events, studying social issues, or even to the study of the news, depending on the specific need. It is important to remember that students do not learn from reading information, they learn from experiencing the material.Students should try t o put themselves in their students' shoes, so that they can gain a better understanding of their persuasive skills. The reason why this technique is such a good practice is because it helps students understand the real world situation. As a result, students will be able to apply their skills with regards to these specific situations when they write their arguments.It is also a good idea to organize your essay topics so that you can focus on one issue at a time. For example, if you were to write an essay about debt, you would not want to go through each and every topic and think about what happened when in fact you can simply focus on the debt. It is important to remember that when you write the research that you will already have an idea of the specific issue and as a result, you will be able to write easier and more clearly.Students also need to understand that they will not be able to write properly if they do not understand how the written word works. Students should study and pr epare for writing this type of essay before they begin the actual writing process. You should also make sure that you are taking the time to read a variety of different types of writings, no matter what the topic may be. Research will help you understand how the written word functions and how you can use this knowledge to your advantage when writing an argumentative essay.It is also important to understand that you need to take advantage of your unique perspective. If you were to sit down with a group of students, the topic of debt might seem like a very personal and controversial subject. However, this is something that everyone is talking about and everyone is dealing with it. It is important to realize that if you can find a way to include personal opinions that relate to your particular topic then you will be able to help students put their perspectives and beliefs into a more positive light.The idea behind the argumentative essay topics is to give students the ability to expres s themselves properly. When students try to think critically about their writing, they are being given a platform that allows them to express themselves in a way that is meaningful. By doing this, students will be able to expand their vocabulary and develop their ideas to a larger audience. Not only this, but by writing on a topic that is important to them, students will also be able to learn how to write effectively and how to use the written word.In order to truly come up with a well-written argumentative essay, students need to learn how to properly research and prepare for different research projects. This type of research will help students become better writers in general. As a result, students will be able to write better argumentative essays that are more relevant to the specific topic of the paper.

Lehman College MSW Personal Statement Essay Examples

Lehman College MSW Personal Statement Essay ExamplesA Lehman College MSW Personal Statement Essay example is a fun way to get your thoughts across. Students have an opportunity to work with their thoughts and convey the importance of this prestigious degree by writing something unique. Mentioning your work history, interests, career goals, and other details is the best way to express what you will bring to the school. It is a great opportunity for students to show students why they deserve to earn a college degree.A lot of financial aid and scholarships are often awarded based on a student's performance in an MSW essay. If you choose to submit a MSW personal statement, be sure to make it interesting and inspiring.For students who want to find a theme, research financial aid opportunities and then choose the best one to apply for. Students can spend a day, or even a week brainstorming about what the financial aid packages would offer them and why they need it.Students may also choose to create their own personal essay and present it to a committee. The committee may decide that the student's essays are persuasive enough to get them accepted to the school, or they may decide to use the student's essays as reference materials to further their studies. With the right attitude, students should be able to write their personal statement essays to impress committee members.Students can choose to write on any number of different topics, and present their thoughts from a variety of perspectives. With a little creative thinking, students can create an essay that will stand out among the other MSW essays.Students can find Lehman College MSW essay examples online. These examples can be used for a number of reasons. First, ifthe student wants to talk about how their family background influences their future career choices, this could be a perfect example.Students can also find examples of other types of essays. Examples of parent essay, service essay, thesis essay, and these s can be found.Students can also find a multitude of sources for a personal statement. Online personal statement essay examples can be accessed from websites that supply examples of student's writing.

The Hidden Treasure of Expository Essay Examples for Middle School

The Hidden Treasure of Expository Essay Examples for Middle School An informative text isn't meant to persuade your reader, yet to educate. Course descriptions, recipes and lists don't always require a thesis. The examples I have discovered in the text help the reader to consider the issue differently, to evaluate the seriousness of what is occuring. Put simply, expository writing is all about providing information to the reader about a specific topic or subject. A prosperous process essay is going to be detailed enough so a reader will have all the info required to finish the job. The secret to success in the procedure for essay writing is a suitable organization of work and an understanding why you are likely to do this undertaking. If you wish to borrow an idea, you should give a suitable reference. An introduction has become the most significant part your bit of writing. Content entered into graphic organizers can't be saved. Browsing for unique thoughts is most likely the exciting events. however, it can as well be exhausted when we couldn't discover the expected plan. To begin with, it's required to comprehend what it is about. Use activities in class or house. There's, clearly, a limit on the variety of pages even our very best writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but usually, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. If you don't like your paper topic, it's very likely to be boring and you'll have trouble seeking to put things together. Additionally, there are times when you really feel like you don't need to write something. Also, see the use of third person perspective within this paragraph. Expository Essay Examples for Middle School Explained If you likewise do not find out how to take care of your expository paper, you should acquire fantastic examples and use them for reference. Reading though samples will lower your time later on, as you will begin writing your essay with clear understanding how to compose your own paper. Have a look at the expository essay samples, which one can easily find online nowadays. From the wide selection of samples, you must pick the ones that are written on the similar topic and those of exactly the same kind of your upcoming essay. Students may practice writing by deciding on a number of the expository essay topics presented on our website or produce their own topics. For instance, if a student is requested to compose an essay of six or seven sentences on a particular topic, he or she doesn't have room to stray from this subject. If he does not master this portion of the essay, it will be quite difficult to compose an effective or persuasive essay. Finally let's look at comparison essays. Plagiarism free essays There is not anything more important than having an original and distinctive essay. To begin with, you should find the significance of the expository essay definition and decide on the topic you understand well or at least find it interesting to find out more about. Consider what you could do in order to make your school more beautiful. Middle schoolers are from time to time requested to compose expository essays in math classes. Most middle school students avoid brainstorming sessions and begin searching for sample topics whenever they get the assignment. Do not be hesitant to search via the websites of different schools. There's absolutely nothing wrong with the standard school year. In the same way, children wouldn't be in a position to go to most summer camps. In the usa, sixth grade was considered the past year of elementary school or the very first year of middle school.

Analysis Of The Book Disgrace - 1108 Words

Analysis of Disgrace by J.M. Coetzee In J.M. Coetzee’s 1999 novel â€Å"Disgrace† we can see the life of a father and a daughter who both go through life changing events. While the father, David Lurie, is accused of rape because of sleeping with a student, his daughter Lucie Lurie is actually raped by three black men. The setting of this book is in post-apartheid South Africa, where we can see that the problem this setting faces is how blacks and white can live together. In this book there is the use of several literary devices to communicate the theme. David Lurie represents the old, white South Africa through out the entire book. Unlike Lucie, who gives a good representation of how is the new white South Africa. We can see how animals play an important part of the characters in this book and also how dogs are the most important ones mentioned. How is the use of literary devices important to communicate the theme in this book? â€Å"In Disgrace Lurie’s sens of quilt for his exploitative attitude towards women symbolically configures a sense of collective responsibility of oppressors generally - and of the white writer in particular - for a history of abuse.† David Lurie is a fifty two years old divorced professor who lives alone in a city, he likes reading books and teaching but he also likes the company of women. He used to spend time with a woman who he would pay her for her company but once the woman ended things with him, he started to notice one of his students. MelanieShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Disgrace By J.m Coetzee968 Words   |  4 PagesJ.M Coetzee is a distinguished author who has written over sixteen novels and has even won a nobel prize for his inspiring work. Coetzee is best known for his controversial novel Disgrace. A story that captivates its readers and keeps them on their toes. The setting takes place in South Africa during the post apartheid era. A time where people were divided into races and whites held power over the minority. The protagonist David Lurie is a college professor who lives a promiscuous double life. SleepsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Disgrace Byj.m Coetzee 1993 Words   |  8 PagesWhen one tries to relate the protagonists David Lurie from Disgrace, Changez from The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Offred from The Handmaiden’s Tale, they appear to be polar opposites from each other with no similar characteristics, motives or personality types. However, there are similarities on how the authors developed their principal characters of the books through the relationships that the protagonist have with other characters, primarily their love interests. Offred, David Lurie and ChangezRead MoreDisgrace by J.M Coetzee1300 Words   |  5 Pagesan active member of fighting for, human rights, animal rights and gender equality. J M Coetzee’s novel, Disgrace is published in 1999, which offers as explained by Paul Bailey â€Å" a subtle, multilayered story, as much concerned with politics as it is with the itch of male flesh.† Coetzee with this novel took a different academic approach of analyzing South African Politics, through using the book and the information within as a general metaphor pertaining to the paradigm shift of South African politicsRead MoreEssay on IRP Notes Package1670 Words   |  7 PagesDisgrace is defined by the Oxford Dictionary as a â€Å"loss of reputation or respect as the result of a dishonourable action†. The word Disgrace has two subtly different meanings- it can either be used as a noun or a verb. A person can be in disgrace (noun) or person can disgrace themselves or others (verb). Either way it implies a dishonourable event occurred that casts a shadow over a person or a group of people. A dictionary definition cannot truly convey what the meaning of à ¢â‚¬Ëœdisgrace’ is. As withRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Legitimate Control872 Words   |  4 Pagesfor psychiatrics, they show proof proposing criticizing and being dealt with in a clinic is sketchy for individuals with clutters, for example, psychopathic or insane. Contingent upon the shame the patient gets amid treatment impacts the level of disgrace they feel in the healing facility in correlation criticisms in jail. Release approaches additionally turn into a weight in the part of being traditionalist and are all that much determined by security contemplations. Ultimately, new strategies andRead MoreEssay on IRP Notes Package: Allusion, Symbolism, and Motifs1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe following is an analysis of two of the more significant allusions. The youngest member of the trio of thieves that steal from the Luries and rape Lucy is named Pollux. This is likely an allusion to the Greek myth, Castor and Pollux. Castor and Pollux are half-brothers. Their myth involves in part the kidnapping and rape of the Leucippides, Phoebe and Hilaeira, who become pregnant as a result of the rapes. This aspect of the myth is very similar to the plotline of Disgrace as Lucy (note the phoneticRead MoreAnalysis Of The Central Asia Institute Three Cups Of Tea Scandal1713 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluences and efforts of the institute. â€Å"Three Cups of Tea† the non-fiction book co-written by David Oliver Relin and Mortenson, propelled the non-profit forward into shocking success as it lingered on the New York Times bestseller list for four years straight. The supposed true story of Mortenson’s life changing trip to a mountainous region in the Middle East created a published story that â€Å"motivated millions of people to buy his book and contribute nearly $60 million to his charity† (Court, Livelli, Read MoreExtended Formal Analysis: Biographical and Cultural Criticism on the Lords of Discipline634 Words   |  3 PagesExtended Formal Analysis: Biographical and Cultural Criticism on The Lords of Discipline Conroy displays his life through his novel, The Lords of Discipline, to give readers a visual demonstration of how life connections can transform the entity of a novel. Conroys attendance to the Citadel, his family, and the South helped influence his innovative writing style. A lifetime in a Southern family negated any possibility that he [Will/Conroy]Read MoreThe Problem With Pleasure By Laura Frost1244 Words   |  5 Pages In Laura Frost’s book, The Problem with Pleasure, she tackles the work of modernist Gertrude Stein. In the chapter labeled â€Å"Stein’s Tickle† Frost tries to help her readers understand and interpret Stein’s Tender Buttons, along with other works. She writes, â€Å"I want to suggest a new model for approaching Stein’s work that takes into account both the appeal and the difficulties of her texts: tickling (Frost 66).† Instead of focusing on Stein’s words and trying to explain what she means in her worksRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Disgrace960 Words   |  4 PagesDisgrace’s Literary essay The author of the novel Disgrace manages to offer a raw portrait of the awful political and social reality of South Africa, after the shameful apartheid has ended, almost a century of violence and fear has been left behind, apparently. He presented his characters as tough as the grey reality involving a whole nation, but at the same time, some hope is being given, brightening an inclusive future to the suffered population. Lurie, the main character, is shown as a

Efficiency Environment Of The Corporation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Efficiency Environment Of The Corporation? Answer: Introduction The examination and analysis of employees behaviour in a companys environment are called Organisational behaviour. This examination helps management to enhance the efficiency of the environment of the corporation. The management can collect important information from examining the environment such as attitude, thinking, and behaviour of workers towards the corporation. This information assists management in formulating improved regulations in the future. The performance and proficiency of employees get affected by their behaviour in the company. This essay is focused on analysing the situations which influence the employees behaviour and impact of employees attitude towards the companys performance. Further, the essay will analyse the significance of job satisfaction and the importance of employees commitment for the advantage of the company. Organisational Behaviour, Attitude, and Satisfaction at Workplace It is the examination and evaluation of employees and a group of employees behaviour, which assist in formulating future regulations for the company. According to Mullins (2007), analysing employees behaviour has numerous benefits, for example, it assists managers to establish a positive relationship with their employees. The communication between employer and workers improved significantly. The information provided by the study used by management to establish different regulation regarding marketing and corporations structure. Management can use this information to encourage their employees as well. Attitude is defined as the feeling of an individual for an object, work or person. As per Walumbwa, Hartnell and Oke (2010), the behaviour of an individual gets influenced due to their attitude. It is a mixture of various aspects including character, thinking, ethics, behaviour, and motivations. For better productivity, manager focuses on improving the attitude of their employees. Employees with a positive attitude at works function considerably well than the employees who have a negative attitude a work. The success of a company gets influenced by their workers attitude since the attitude of a worker raise or lowers his productivity. According to Kafetsios and Zampetakis (2008), the activities of organisations can positively or negatively influence the attitude of an employee. For example, if an employer makes negative remarks about an employees work, then the remark can affect employees attitude adversely by reducing their self-confidence. According to Johan Hauge, Skogstad and Einarsen (2007), a stressful environment at the workplace can include employees behaviour adversely towards their job. A stressful environment includes constant force on the employee for achieving their target and vulnerable working conditions. The relationship between colleagues at a workplace can influence both of their attitudes. The performance of employees reduced if there is a tension between two workers. The negative attitude of an employee affects the attitude of other workers adversely, for example, bullying at the workplace is one of the major causes for employees resignation. Macky and Boxall (2007) provided that the management can maintain a positive and healthy environment by giving appraisal and inspiring employee at a workplace. The attitude of satisfied employees influences the attitude of other employees positively, which provide the requirement of the positive environment at the workplace. To establish that following method can be adopted by management: A Proper examination of employees attitude to understand the challenges they are facing in the workplace which can influence their productivity. Communicating with employees to provide a solution to their challenges which can positively influence their attitude. There is different method approach by a manager such as monetary rewards or non-monetary rewards. Resolution of tension between employees can significantly include their attitude positively. No employee should feel inferior due to the resolution of tension; mutual respect should be established between employees. Formulation of future guidelines to avoid any tension between two employees to ensure positivity in the organisational According to the research of Stewart, Courtright and Barrick (2012), the impact of an employees attitude highly affects other employees attitude in same team or group, as compared to a single employee. An extrovert and positive employee can positively affect the attitude of other team members, due to the theory of peer pressure. Most peoples attitude influenced easily in a public or team environment. The attitude of a negative employee in a team has a similar impact since their attitude can include other employees behaviour adversely. The trust between employer and employee can be used by management to eliminate the negativity in the organisation. As per Brown, Gray, McHardy and Taylor (2015), proper communication channels should be established for identifying the reason for tension between employees and for providing their resolution. Many experts provided different theories to improve the productivity of employees by maintaining the motive environment, such as the use of humour to influence employees behaviour. The humour can be beneficial for management since it influences peoples behaviour positively. The tension at a workplace can be eliminated by managements humour which assists in maintaining a positive relationship with employees. As per Shetty and Gujarathi (2012), in a research conducted in between 184 interns who registered in different internship programs, the importance of humour in the organisational environment was established. The humours environment at workplace significantly aids in enhancing the satisfaction of interns and negative humour, such as taunting and insult affected job satisfaction adversely. To understand employees satisfaction from a certain job, the theory provided by Abraham H. Maslow can be applied by management. Maslow provided a theory based on the need of peoples called Hierarchy of Needs, which divide people into five categories according to their needs. According to Sadri and Bowen (2011), this theory can be used by management for the better encouragement of employees by understanding their needs. Various categories of employees need include physiological, safety, social, self-respect and self-actualisation. Various employees have different needs and management can fulfill such need to give job satisfaction to employees. Herzberg provided another theory for job satisfaction called Motivator-Hygiene Theory which provides that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are two different concepts and many times they are totally unrelated to each other. According to the book of Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman (2011), the motivator part includes incentives such as bonus, salary, appraisal, and achievement which are necessary for job satisfaction of an employee. The Hygiene part includes other factors such as organisational environment, regulations, job conditions, security and behaviour of other employees which are related to job dissatisfaction of employees. Both of these parts are entirely different from one another and it is imaginable that employees are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with their job, and they can be neutral. Meyer and Allen provide a theory for organisational commitment at its necessity in a corporation. The employees are divided into three categories including affective, continuance and normative. In case the employees of a corporation are committed towards the corporation at an emotional level, it is called affective commitment. In case employees keep their job due to lack of options then it is called continuance commitment. The lack of option includes cases such as fear of incentives loss, loss of time or pension loss. The reason for employees retention is the debt provided by the company, and then it is called normative commitment (Weng, McElroy, Morrow and Liu 2010). According to Hayes, Bonner and Pryor (2010), the job satisfaction and commitment of employees get influenced by various factors, such as negativity at the workplace can reduce the job satisfaction of an employee. The security and working conditions of a corporation can significantly influence an employees commitment or satisfaction. The opportunity for growth in an organisation is a significant factor for employees commitment towards their job. Growth opportunities positively influence satisfaction of employees and raise their commitment in the organisation. The relationship of employees with their supervisor and colleagues can include their behaviour at a workplace. There is a significant requirement of mutual trust between superior and employees to establish satisfaction and commitment towards a job. Many employees behaviour also gets influenced by monetary rewards or incentives provided by the organisation. According to Aydogdu and Asikgil (2011), a corporation gets benefits in several ways because of positive commitment of their employees towards their job. The satisfaction and productivity of a person are directly related to their commitment towards a goal. The work of highly committing employees surpasses other employees work and also encourages other team members as well. As per human resource process, the recruitment and retention provide becomes simpler due to high commitment and satisfaction of employees. The revenue of a company rises if their employees perform with their higher productivity, which shows the requirement of effective satisfaction and commitment policies in an organisation Conclusion From the observations made above in the essay, it can be established that the attitude of employees influenced the behaviours of organisational environment. Same influence of organisations environment has over employees attitude. The positive attitude of employees influences their productivity favorably, which shows the requirement of effective management policies for a positive environment. The commitment of employees benefits corporation since committed employees perform with the highest productivity. It is necessary for management to monitor their employees needs to use them as a tool for their encouragement. Positive environment influence employees job satisfaction favorably, which benefits corporation by enhancing their profits. References Aydogdu, S. and Asikgil, B., 2011. An empirical study of the relationship among job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover intention.International review of management and marketing,1(3), p.43. Brown, S., Gray, D., McHardy, J. and Taylor, K., 2015. Employee trust and workplace performance.Journal of Economic Behavior Organization,116, pp.361-378. Hayes, B., Bonner, A.N.N. and Pryor, J., 2010. Factors contributing to nurse job satisfaction in the acute hospital setting: a review of recent literature.Journal of Nursing Management,18(7), pp.804-814. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. and Snyderman, B.B., 2011.The motivation to work(Vol. 1). Transaction publishers. Johan Hauge, L., Skogstad, A. and Einarsen, S., 2007. Relationships between stressful work environments and bullying: Results of a large representative study.Work Stress,21(3), pp.220-242. Kafetsios, K. and Zampetakis, L.A., 2008. Emotional intelligence and job satisfaction: Testing the mediatory role of positive and negative affect at work.Personality and individual differences,44(3), pp.712-722. Macky, K. and Boxall, P., 2007. The relationship between high-performance work practices and employee attitudes: an investigation of additive and interaction effects.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,18(4), pp.537-567. Mullins, L.J., 2007.Management and organisational behaviour. Pearson education. Sadri, G. and Bowen, C.R., 2011. Meeting employee requirements: Maslow's hierarchy of needs is still a reliable guide to motivating staff.Industrial engineer,43(10), pp.44-49. Shetty, B. R. and Gujarathi, R., 2012. A Study Of Faculty Job Satisfaction And Its Impact On Student Satisfaction In Management Institutes Of Nashik District Affiliated To University Of Pune. [PDF file]. Journal of Business and Management. Retrieved from https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/vol3-issue4/A0340108.pdf?id=5464 Stewart, G.L., Courtright, S.H. and Barrick, M.R., 2012. Peer-based control in self-managing teams: linking rational and normative influence with individual and group performance.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(2), p.435. Walumbwa, F.O., Hartnell, C.A. and Oke, A., 2010. Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes, and organizational citizenship behavior: a cross-level investigation.Journal of Applied Psychology,95(3), p.517. Weng, Q., McElroy, J.C., Morrow, P.C. and Liu, R., 2010. The relationship between career growth and organizational commitment.Journal of Vocational Behavior,77(3), pp.391-400.

Relevance in Modern Society Essay Example

Relevance in Modern Society Essay This essay will look at social influence and explore the concepts of conformity and obedience looking at related studies and their relevance in modern British society. The term social influence refers to the way social situations can influence our behaviour and beliefs. This essay will focus particularly on the reasons and the extent to which people conform to group pressure or majority influence and obey the orders of authority figures. David Myers (1999 cited in Cardwell et al. 2004, p.155) described conformity as â€Å"a change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure† this is something most people can identify with; the feeling that we are under pressure to act a certain way so that we are accepted or do not stand out of the group. There are two main reasons why people conform; Normative Social Influence – wanting to be liked or accepted by the group and Informational Social influence – not wanting to be wrong or seem out of place. In Asch’s original 1951 experiment he wanted to test whether people would give an incorrect answer because of the influence of the group even though there was a clear correct answer (Lawton et al, 2011, p155). To test this Asch used 50 male college students as naà ¯ve participants. Believing that they were taking part in a vision test, the participants were put into groups with 6 other male students who were confederates of the experimenter. They were each shown two cards; one test card showing one vertical line and another showing three vertical lines of varying length. One of the three lines was always obviously of equal length to the test line. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance in Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance in Modern Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Relevance in Modern Society specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They were asked to call out in turn which of the three lines they thought was the same length as the test line. The naà ¯ve participants were always last but one to answer. In 12 of 18 trials the confederates gave a unanimous incorrect answer, these 12 trials were called the critical trials. Participants conformed on 32 per cent of the critical trials, 74 per cent of participants conformed at least once and no participant conformed on all of the critical trials. In post-experimental interviews Asch found that some participants said they conformed because they didn’t want to look silly or be the minority even though they knew they were giving an incorrect answer. These participants were affected by normative social influence; they conformed so that they would be accepted by the group. However most participants said they conformed because they thought that their perception of the lines must have been inaccurate as everyone else had seen something different. This is informational social influence; the participants questioned their own judgement because they felt the majority could not be wrong. Although Asch’s study provided a controlled way of measuring conformity, there are some criticisms of his research. This type of situation is unlikely to occur in everyday life, showing the experiment lacks ecological validity. Another criticism is Asch’s limited sample of participants. Not only does this sample not represent cultural differences; non-Western cultures like Japan and China are generally more likely to conform than Western cultures like the USA (Gross and Rolls, 2003). But also, a group of all male college students may be more or less likely to conform because they are among their peers. As people in the USA in the 1950s were more conformist and conservative than our current more liberal and individualist society, Asch’s research has little relevance to modern day British society. Zimbardo et al (1971) conducted an experiment that aimed to investigate how readily people would conform to social roles and whether brutality of prison officers was due to the individual’s personal characteristics or the prison environment (Simply Psychology [online]).  Zimbardo et al (1971) selected healthy, emotionally stable, male volunteers to take part in a two week experiment. The volunteers were randomly assigned roles of prisoner or guard. Prisoners were then arrested by local police, blindfolded and taken to a mock prison in the basement of Stanford University where they were issued with prison uniform and a prison number. The guards wore military-style uniforms with reflective sunglasses and carried a truncheon and handcuffs. The experiment was abandoned after just six days as the guards conformed so enthusiastically to their role, becoming aggressive and abusive towards the prisoners. After guards tackled an initial rebellion two days into the study the prisoners because submissive and began to develop signs of depression and anxiety. Some prisoners showed such severe symptoms that they were released from the experiment early.

The Theory of ‘The Zone of Proximal Development’ and ‘Scaffolding’ The WritePass Journal

The Theory of ‘The Zone of Proximal Development’ and ‘Scaffolding’ References: The Theory of ‘The Zone of Proximal Development’ and ‘Scaffolding’ IntroductionSection 1: The Theory of ‘The Zone of Proximal Development’ and ‘Scaffolding’.Section 2: Educational examples of teaching utilising ‘ZPD’ and ‘Scaffolding’.Section 3: Implications of scaffolding on Teaching and the Teacher.References:Related Introduction Section 1: The Theory of ‘The Zone of Proximal Development’ and ‘Scaffolding’. â€Å"The zone of proximal development is the distance between what children can do by themselves and the next learning that they can be helped to achieve with competent assistance† (Raymond, 2000, p.176). Vygotskys socio-cultural theory is widely cited by educators and teachers even today, as they formulate plans on how to get the most from students, challenging them to reach their highest potential. Vygoysky believed that social interaction leads not only to increased levels of knowledge, but that it actually changes a childs thoughts and behaviours and hence develops problem solving. Since it is the goal of parents and teachers alike to help children become high achievers, taking a look at the work of Vygotsky and examining his conclusions seemed the best course for this assignment. Lev Vygotsky’s concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) is what has led to the term and concept of learning through scaffolding, as introduced in 1976 by Wood, Bruner and Ross, to describe educational interaction between an adult and a child.   The idea was used to explore the nature of aid provided by a teacher for children learning how to carry out a task they could not perform alone.   Bruner’s ideas of spiral curriculum and scaffolding are related. Bruner (1960) stated that the curriculum should revisit the basic ideas for each subject, repeatedly building upon them until the pupil understands them fully (the spiral curriculum), rather than just to learn the facts. A parallel has been drawn between the notion of scaffolding and ZPD theories of Vygotsky (Hobsbaum,A., Peters,S., Sylva,K., 1996). If teachers wish to provide learning opportunities, they must assess the child’s present developmental level and estimate the ‘length’ of the ZDP. This can be achieved by using current APP grids and assessing the exact level of the pupil and what they need to achieve to reach the next level and progress further.   But, the child must be able to make use of the help of others; the learner needs the ability to benefit from the give-and-take activities and conversations with others (Bruner, 1983).   Vygotsky acknowledged the limits of the ZPD, but most psychological research has emphasized the importance of the role of the environment; including parents and other adults (teachers and care givers) who are ‘expert’ models and guides for a young learner. The full development during the ZPD depends upon full social interaction and the more the child takes advantage of an adult’s assistance, the broader their ‘Zone of Proximal Development’ is. Vygotsky defined scaffolding instruction as the â€Å"role of teachers and others in supporting the learner’s development and providing support structures to get to that next stage or level† (Raymond, 2000, p. 176). Vygotsky refers to what children can do on their own as the ‘level of actual development’. LAD in his view, it is the level of actual development that a standard IQ test measures.   Such a measure is undoubtedly important, but it is also incomplete.   Two children might have the same level of actual development, in the sense of being able to solve the same number of problems on a standardised test.   Given appropriate help from an adult, still, one child might be able to solve an additional dozen problems while the other child might be able to solve only two or three more.   What the child can do with the help is referred to as the ‘level of potential development’ (Vasta, R., Haith, M.M., Miller, S.A., 1995). Scaffolding can take the form of targeted questioning for a specific task or modeling a task, so that a teacher can individualise learning to meet the requirements of each individual student.   However this is dependent on the teacher knowing the pupils’ previous knowledge.   The scaffolds facilitate a student’s ability to build on their prior knowledge and interpret new data or information. The activities provided in scaffolding instruction are at the next learning level beyond the LAD or what the learner can do alone (Olson Pratt, 2000).   The teacher provides the scaffolds so that the learner can accomplish with assistance – the tasks that he or she could otherwise not complete, thus helping the learner through the ZPD (Bransford, Brown, Cocking, 2000). Section 2: Educational examples of teaching utilising ‘ZPD’ and ‘Scaffolding’. If we first review Assignment 2 (appendix one) we can see that the two pupils have considerably differing LAD’s. Pupil Two working at a Level 3C and Pupil One working at Level 2B. This was evident with the amount of scaffolding that each pupil required throughout the task. Pupil Two was able to complete the task with limited scaffolding, as her ‘level of actual development’ was high and through questioning to ensure that she followed a sequence she completed the task. However with Pupil One, a large amount of modelling and leading questions were required to allow her to complete the task because her LAD was at a lower level and her previous experiences of problem solving were limited so she was therefore limited to the experiences she could recall. â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological).† (Vygotsky, 1978). However approximately four weeks later during my first teaching practice I finished a numeracy unit with a similar problem with a lower ability group. Pupil One who had required a large amount of scaffolding was able to approach the task as she had the experience and the tools to approach this task (appendix two) and complete it with limited support and therefore show that previous experience is vital and that if the pupil is actively listening during the process that it will assist. This is supported by Vygotsky (1978) as he believed that the internalisation of these tools led to higher thinking skills. During assignment four (appendix four, p5-7) we can again see that Pupil One, who is read to at home, using more advanced books, but also regularly reads with a supporting adult. Helped by their parents when they first start learning to speak, young children are provided with instinctive structures to learn a language. Bed-time stories and read alouds are classic examples (Daniels, 1994). She has a higher reading age and has far more reading strategies to ensure that she is a fluent reader, but also through her social background as stated by Vygotsky (1978) she has a greater understanding of the text and the ability to discuss the text. Pupil Two however, reads mainly on her own and is therefore unable to discuss any issues within the text with a more able adult. This restricts her to only one type of strategy, therefore she is working at a whole level behind Pupil One. In assignment three, (appendix three) we can see that this task was an open task to see how problem solving could be developed within ‘Gifted’ and ‘Talented’ literacy pupils. They were asked to create a way of showing next year’s Year 3 pupils what performance poetry is. Therefore the pupils did not have any teacher input apart from giving the seven pupils the objective and explain that they would be filmed to allow observation. By watching the video back we can see that the pupils had to explain and support each other through the task by acting as peer tutors. â€Å"Children also learn from each other by collaborative learning, involving children who are at similar levels of competence working together in pairs or in groups and also peer tutoring, involving a more knowledgeable child providing guidance to another child in order to bring him up to a higher level of competence in a task. Research has shown that this not only benefits the child who is receiving the guidance; it also promotes learning in the child expert.† Maynard 2006. By reviewing the results and the video evidence it is possible to see that an individual pupil would not have achieved a complete task, as they had to discuss and talk through how they were going to choose the poetry, a location and the structure of the film. Each pupil had their own input and they worked together to produce the final film. Section 3: Implications of scaffolding on Teaching and the Teacher. Before discussing the implications of scaffolding, we have to realise that these examples are taken from pupils either individually or in small groups and from a controlled environment, where they do not have any external social factors effecting them. In society today educators need to take into account and realise that teaching in a class of 30, there will be individuals with issues that can be beyond their control and that before teaching we have to take into account the five factors of ‘Every Child Matters’ that if a child has one of these missing they will not be able to focus and learn. One of the primary benefits of scaffolding instruction is that it engages the learner.   The learner does not passively listen to information presented but instead through teacher questioning and prompting, the learner builds on prior knowledge and forms new knowledge.   In working with students who have low self-esteem and learning disabilities, it provides an opportunity to give positive feedback to the students by saying things like â€Å"†¦see what you have achieved so far!†Ã‚   This gives them more of a can do attitude, compared to a; I can’t do this attitude.   This leads into another advantage of scaffolding in that if done properly, scaffolding instruction motivates the student so that they want to learn.   However the significance of the ZPD is that it determines the lower and upper bounds of the zone within which instruction should be pitched. This requires an experienced teacher who understands the current educational level of every pupil. Theref ore Instruction is only useful when it moves ahead of development (Vygotsky 1978 p. 212), leading the child to carry out activities that force him to rise above himself (Vygotshy 1978 p. 213). Therefore, this indicates that working with a class of thirty children means that a teacher would have to take into account thirty LAD’s and ZPD’s. The difficulties of this are self-evident but proficient teachers are able to at least maximise this understanding. Another benefit of this type of instruction is that it can minimise the level of frustration of the learner.   This is extremely important with many special needs students, who can become frustrated very easily then shut down and refuse to participate in further learning during that particular setting. Scaffold instruction is individualised so it can benefit each learner.   However, this is also the biggest disadvantage for the teacher since developing the supports and scaffolded lessons to meet the needs of each individual would be extremely time-consuming. Implementation of individualised scaffolds in a classroom with a large number of students would be challenging, therefore pupils can become grouped within their current ability and LAD that they are currently working at. However as we have previously seen, pupils working as a group can scaffold each other and therefore develop their skills collaboratively. These groups would then benefit from being mixed ability as the higher ability pupil would be able to act as the expert. This would also help to motivate all pupils on task and provide responsibility. Reciprocal scaffolding, a method first coined by Holton and Thomas, is a method that involves a group of two or more collaboratively working together, as we see in assignment three. In this situation, the group can learn from each others experiences and knowledge. The scaffolding is shared by each member and changes constantly as the group works on a task (Holton and Clarke, 2006). According to Vygotsky, students develop higher-level thinking skills when scaffolding occurs with an adult expert or with a peer of higher capabilities (Stone, 1998). This is completely opposed to Paiget’s theory. Another disadvantage is that unless properly trained, a teacher may not properly implement scaffolding instruction and therefore not see the full effect.   Scaffolding also requires that the teacher give up some of the control and allow the students to make errors.   This may be difficult for teachers to do, as teachers are required to plan their lessons and meet specific objectives, the lesson could progress in a completely different direction and therefore not meet that specific objective. So timing of the teacher’s imput is vital, to ensure children do not go too far off track. Although there are some drawbacks to the use of scaffolding as a teaching strategy, I believe that the positive impact it has on the development of pupils, and therefore the success of the lesson, is vital to consider when planning. References: Applebee, A. N. and J. A. Langer, 1983. Instructional scaffolding: Reading and writing as natural language activities. Language Arts, 60/2. 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